Normally, RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into pre‑mRNA, which is spliced, capped, and polyadenylated into mature mRNA for ribosomal translation. Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to generate DNA from RNA templates. RNA editing enzymes like ADAR can deaminate nucleotides in transcripts. Non‑coding RNAs—microRNAs and long non‑coding RNAs—bind mRNAs or chromatin to modulate stability, translation, and transcriptional activity.
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What surprising exceptions exist to the Central Dogma?
asked 6 days ago
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Outline the canonical DNA→RNA→protein flow in eukaryotic cells, then delve into notable exceptions—reverse transcription by retroviruses, RNA editing events, and regulatory roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs that reshape gene expression.
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